Hottub, Swimming Pool
Legionnaires’ Disease and Spa Pools: What You Need to Know
Feb
Legionnaires’ Disease and Spa Pools: What You Need to Know
Legionnaires’ disease is a serious type of pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophila. While it can be contracted in various settings, spa pools are a recognized risk, particularly when they are not properly managed. According to the Health and Safety Executive (HSE) document, “the organism that causes legionnaires’ disease, primarily Legionella pneumophila, frequently grows in poorly designed and managed spa-pool systems” [2]. Therefore, it’s critical for spa pool owners and users to understand this risk and take necessary precautions.
Legionella bacteria thrive in warm, stagnant water, typically between 20–45 °C [2]. Spa pools, with their heated and agitated water, create the perfect environment for this bacterium to multiply if water quality is not properly managed [4]. The use of air jets and other features that create aerosols also poses a risk, as these tiny water droplets can carry the bacteria directly into the lungs [4].
It’s important to understand who is most vulnerable to Legionnaires’ disease. The document notes that “everyone is susceptible to infection but there is a heightened risk with:
- increasing age, particularly those over 45 [25]
- smokers and heavy drinkers [25]
- those with existing respiratory diseases or certain illnesses and conditions such as cancer, diabetes, heart and kidney disease [25, 26]
- those with an impaired immune system [26]
If you or someone you know falls into these categories it is vital to take more care when considering using spa pools and hot tubs.
To prevent the growth and spread of Legionella in spa pools, it’s necessary to:
- Maintain water temperature control. Ensure the temperature is not ideal for bacterial growth (20-45°C).
- Implement proper disinfection. Use effective disinfectants, such as chlorine or bromine, and ensure levels are consistently maintained in the right range [19].
- Clean regularly. Routine cleaning of the spa pool and its components helps to remove organic matter that can feed bacteria [24].
- Ensure proper circulation and filtration. A good filtration system will remove debris and help maintain water quality [27].
- Adhere to regular maintenance schedules. Follow the manufacturer’s instructions and HSE guidance [28].
By understanding the risks associated with Legionnaires’ disease and taking the necessary steps to prevent bacterial growth, you can ensure a safer spa pool environment.
FAQs
What is Legionnaires’ disease?
Legionnaires’ disease is a severe form of pneumonia caused by the Legionella pneumophila bacterium [1, 25].
How is Legionnaires’ disease contracted from spa pools?
It’s contracted by inhaling aerosolized water droplets contaminated with Legionella bacteria [4].
Who is most at risk of contracting Legionnaires’ disease?
People over 45, smokers, heavy drinkers, individuals with existing respiratory diseases, and those with weakened immune systems are at higher risk [25, 26].
What water temperature is ideal for the growth of Legionella?
The bacteria thrive in warm water temperatures between 20 and 45 °C [2].
How can I prevent Legionnaires’ disease in my spa pool?
Regular water testing, proper disinfection, thorough cleaning, and adhering to maintenance schedules are essential prevention methods [4].
